Lubricant including polyether-or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane

ABSTRACT

Polyether- or polyester-modified polydimethylsiloxane is mixed with a lubricant, such as motor oil. Preferably, the polydialkylsiloxane can form at least about 0.5 percent by volume of the mixture. And the mixture can be used in a fluid-conduit system (e.g., a lubrication system) of a motor or a vehicle (e.g., an automobile), wherein the mixture offers excellent filming properties on, e.g., engine parts and helps to improve engine efficiency, to lengthen the service life of the lubricant, and to reduce harmful emissions from the vehicle.

RELATED APPLICATION

A priority claim is made to a provisional patent application, filed onDec. 12, 2003, entitled, “Emission Reducing Lubrication Mixture andAdditive Including Polyether Modified Poly-Dimethyl-Siloxane,” andnaming John A. Murray as inventor, the entire teachings of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Conventional motor oil is used to lubricate moving parts in an engine orin other mechanical devices. Proper lubrication of engine parts isessential to preserving the life of the engine. However, there are manywell-recognized limitations affecting the lubricating efficiency ofmotor oil. In particular, the filming properties of petroleum-based andsynthetic motor oils are often inadequate, particularly in high heatareas of the motor such as the pistons, rods and cylinder walls. Withoutproper filming of motor oil in these areas, these parts become extremelyhot [i.e., approximately 300 to 370 degrees Fahrenheit (˜149-188° C.)],which compounds the problems associated with inadequate lubrication.

For example, at elevated temperatures, the oil oxidizes and forms aglaze on the surface of the cylinder walls. The oxidized oil also coatsand forms a glaze on the piston rings and piston walls. The glazing ofthese surfaces compromises the proper sealing of the combustion chamber,which creates increased surface tension. Consequently, engineperformance and efficiency are reduced, and harmful emissions increase.

Inadequate filming properties of conventional motor oils also result ina condition referred to as dry-start. Because the motor oil drains offof the engine parts when the engine is not running without leaving anadequate layer or film of lubricant, engine parts wear considerably eachtime the engine is started.

A number of additives have been developed to increase the lubricatingproperties of motor oil, and synthetic lubricants with enhancedlubricating properties have also been developed for use in lubricatingengines.

SUMMARY

Very fine particles of polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxanes can be readily mixed with a lubricant (e.g.,lubricating oil), fuel or other petroleum-based products, and theresulting mixture can be in the form of a stable dispersion orsuspension having lubricating properties exceeding those of existingfuel-additive combinations and existing synthetic lubricants.

More specifically, it has been discovered that a dispersion of thepolyether- or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane in oil has enhancedfilming properties, even at elevated temperatures within the engine. Theenhanced filming properties provide for enhanced lubrication, providingan increased level of power while allowing engines to run more smoothlyand cleanly. The polydialkylsiloxane can be added to a variety offluid-conduits, such as the lubrication systems and fuel system, in avehicle or in other types of motors. As used herein, the term,“siloxane,” may be used as a shorthand version of polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane.

The concentration of polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane in the mixture can be between 0.5 percent to 2.5percent by volume (all concentrations expressed herein are by volumeunless otherwise indicated) and, in particular embodiments, theconcentration of the siloxane is between 0.5 to 1.5 percent. Any otherpercentages depending on the particular use are possible as well.Polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane of reduced particlesize can be added directly to the engine oil in the oil pan of anautomobile. However, the enhanced lubricating properties from use of thesiloxane will not be realized until the siloxane is generally uniformlydispersed throughout the engine oil. Other ways of adding thepolydialkylsiloxane are to mix it directly with the fuel, in particularin case of a 2-stroke engine. In this case, adding can be effectedeither by premixing the polydialkylsiloxane with the fuel, or byinjecting it from a separate chamber into the combustion chamber. Ifinjected directly, a dispersion or suspension in water has an additionalcleansing effect. Since the water is evaporated and at least partiallysplit into oxygen and hydrogen in the combustion chamber a furtherreduction of the C, CO and NOx emission is achieved. Other possiblecarriers/solvents are alcohol based or mineral based. Moreover, directinjection allows a high concentration of the polydialkylsiloxanedispersion or suspension up to the pure product, called a 100% productby a manufacturer named BYK Chemie USA, Inc. of Wallingford, Conn. Oneof the useful products is for instance labeled BYK-333.

To reduce the time it takes to uniformly disperse the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane throughout the lubricant, thesiloxane can be premixed with a quantity of the lubricant, such as motoroil, to produce a premixture having a concentration of approximately 8to 33 percent siloxane, or in a more-specific embodiment, at a ratio ofone part siloxane to five parts oil to form a siloxane-and-oil additive.The siloxane-and-oil additive is then added to the quantity or pool oflubricating oil in an oil pan or reservoir to obtain a siloxaneconcentration of, e.g., between approximately 0.5 to approximately 2.5percent. Depending on the use, also other concentrations are possible.

In one embodiment, the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is mixed with oil to form the siloxane-and-oiladditive using a sonic mixer, although other mixers includingshear-producing mixers, such as a homogenizer or spray-nozzle-typemixer, can alternatively be utilized. The mixture is heated duringmixing until the temperature of the mixture reaches approximately 200degrees Fahrenheit (93° C.). The mixture is mixed for sufficient time toreduce the average particle size of the siloxane to approximately 2micrometers (microns) or less in any direction, e.g. less than 1 micron,and until the siloxane is generally uniformly distributed throughout theoil forming a suspension or dispersion of the polyether-modifiedpolydimethylsiloxane in the oil. It is believed that improvedlubricating properties will be achieved with the particle size of thesiloxane being reduced to as small as 0.002 microns. The resultingdispersion is filtered through a filter with a pore size ofapproximately 2 microns to filter out impurities or siloxane particles,droplets or agglomerates thereof exceeding 2 microns in diameter orrelated dimension. Approximately 12 fluid ounces of the siloxane-and-oiladditive or mixture, mixed in the manner described, is then added toenough oil to result in approximately five quarts of lubricant includingthe siloxane-and-oil additive which results, in this case, in aformulation of lubricant including approximately 1.25 percent-by-volumepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane.

Numerous advantages are offered by various methods and compositions,described in greater detail below. First, a lubricant compositionincluding the fine-particle polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane can offer filming properties that are substantiallyimproved over those of existing motor oils that incorporate knownadditives and over existing synthetic lubricants. Moreover, theseexcellent filming properties can be maintained even at high temperaturesand after the engine stops running. Consequently, the lubricantincluding the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane, whenused in an engine, can remain on engine parts longer after the enginestops running. Additionally, the small particle size of the polyether-or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane enables it to be mixed with anoil without separation and without settling of the siloxane from theoil. Further, unlike, naturally occurring siloxanes, which may be formedin an engine as a byproduct of the combustion cycle and as a byproductof infiltration of dirt into the engine, siloxanes of this fine particlesize can be used without abrading or with substantially reduced abrasionof engine parts. Inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane in the motor oilalso reduces harmful vibrations in the engine due to the removal ofdissolved gases. Further still, inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxaneincreases the flashpoint of the motor oil, increases the service life ofthe motor oil, reduces pollutant emissions from the engine, and enablesbetter sealing of the pistons in the engine by the motor oil. Thepolydialkylsiloxane also helps to reduce engine rust by substantiallyeliminating moisture from the motor oil.

Further still, when the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is included in a fuel, the polydialkylsiloxane canincrease the pumping capacity of the fuel system by lubricating the pumpand the lines of the injection system. The polydialkylsiloxane can alsohelp to prevent vapor lock caused by vaporization in the fuel line.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The FIGURE is a schematic diagram of a system and process forformulating a polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane-and-oil lubricating composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Particular embodiments of the present invention are included in thefollowing discussion; however, it is to be understood that the disclosedembodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodiedin various forms. Consequently, specific details disclosed herein arenot to be interpreted as limiting, but merely serve as a basis for theclaims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the artto variously employ the present invention in a broad range ofalternative formulations and processes.

In describing embodiments of the invention, specific terminology is usedfor the sake of clarity. For purposes of description, each specific termis intended to at least include all technical and functional equivalentsthat operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.Additionally, in some instances where a particular embodiment of theinvention includes a plurality of system elements or method steps, thoseelements or steps may be replaced with a single element or step;likewise, a single element or step may be replaced with a plurality ofelements or steps that serve the same purpose. Moreover, while thisinvention has been shown and described with references to particularembodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand thatvarious other changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention.

It has been discovered that a polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane, when added to a selected quantity of a lubricatingoil produces a lubricant having improved filming properties,particularly at elevated temperatures.

In particular, the method of the invention for lubricating a vehiclecomprises:

-   -   adding polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane        particles to a fluid-conduit system in an engine-operated        vehicle, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane particles form a        mixture with oil in the fluid-conduit system; and    -   operating the engine of the vehicle, wherein the mixture of        polydialkylsiloxane particles and oil coats automobile parts        accessed by the fluid-conduit system.

The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxanes of the presentinvention can generally be represented by the following chemical formula(1):

wherein

-   Z is independently selected from O,-   R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and    -Z-(C₁-C₆ alkyl)-   R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl;-   R₃ is —(C(R₆)(R₇))—;-   R₄ is —(C(R₈)(R₉))_(v)—;-   R₅ is selected from hydrogen, —O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl;-   R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆    alkyl;-   n is an integer from 1 to 10;-   m is an integer from 0 to 5;-   v is an integer from 1 to 4;-   x is an integer from 1 to 150; and-   y is an integer from 1 to 500.

In the above formula (1), the C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl and isomers thereof. In a preferred embodiment theC₁-C₆ alkyl group comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl and isomers thereof.In one particular preferred embodiment of the present invention R₁,R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are methyl so as to form a polyether- or polyestermodified polydimethylsiloxane. All C₁-C₆ alkyl groups can be optionallysubstituted, i.e. one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl groupscan be replaced by a substituent selected from the group consisting ofmethyl, ethyl, propyl, —F and —Cl.

The polydialkylsiloxanes used in the present invention can be in a solidform or in a liquid form, all being indicated as particles, dependent ontheir molecular weight and the alkyl groups used in particular for R₁,R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′). If the polydialkylsiloxane is in a solid form,particles with a diameter of less than 2 microns, preferably less than 1micron are generally used in the present invention. If thepolydialkylsiloxane is in a liquid form, then the polydialkylsiloxanewill be present in droplet form within the same size range as mentionedabove.

The physical properties of the polydialkylsiloxane will further beinfluenced by the respective type of polyether- or polyester group usedin the polymer. If liquid siloxanes will be applied, said siloxanesusually have a viscosity from about 50 cs to about 1000 cs, preferablyfrom about 100 cs to about 800 cs.

In the above formula (1), n is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably from1 to 5. m is an integer from 0 to 5, wherein m is preferably 1 or 2. vis an integer from 1 to 4, while x is an integer from 1 to 150,preferably from 5 to 120. Furthermore, y is an integer from 1 to 500,preferably from 10 to 350.

The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles havean average diameter of less than 2 micrometers (microns), preferablyless than 1 micron.

For example, suitable polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxanes can be obtained from BYK-Chemie USA, Inc. ofWallingford, Conn. Polyether-modified polydialkylsiloxanes can be used with a wide variety of petroleum-based lubricants, synthetic lubricants,or even with water, to form improved lubricating mixtures thereof for awide variety of applications. Other uses of a polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in an automobile include its useas an additive for (1) manual and automatic transmission fluid; (2)power steering fluid; (3) gear oil for use in a differential; (4)all-purpose machine lubricant; and (5) fuel (e.g., in standard grades ofgasoline and in a two-cycle engine in lieu of petroleum-basedlubricants). Further still, the additive can be used as a rust andcorrosion inhibitor and as a lubricant for plastic and rubber surfaces.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the polyether- or polyestermodified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by the general formula (2):

wherein

-   Z is independently selected from O,-   R₃ is —(C(R₆)(R₇))—;-   R₄ is —(C(R₅)(R₉))_(v)—;-   R₅ is selected from hydrogen, —O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl;-   R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆    alkyl;-   n is an integer from 1 to 10;-   m is an integer from 0 to 5;-   v is an integer from 1 to 4;-   x is an integer from 1 to 150; and-   y is an integer from 1 to 500.

In formula (2), C₁-C₆ alkyl is the same as defined above. In a furtherpreferred embodiment of the present invention, Z is —O— in formula (2).

Polydialkylsiloxanes, in particular polydimethylsiloxane are inert andnon-poisonous.

Motor oil is one example of a lubricating oil as mentioned above, withwhich the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is mixed.Motor oil typically is either a processed crude oil (petroleum)composition or in the form of a “synthetic” motor oil. In either, themotor oil serves to lubricate engine components so that the componentswill pass across one another without significantly sacrificing power dueto friction. When the engine is running, the motor oil creates a filmbetween moving parts, wherein this film substantially reduces frictionbetween the parts. By coating parts, the motor oil also protects theparts from wear and against corrosion caused by acids that can form inthe oil as a result of oxidation, condensation and combustionby-products. Motor oil also helps to clean the engine by preventingformation of deposits that can compromise fuel efficiency and engineperformance in addition to causing engine wear. In particular, any solidparticle larger than about 5-20 microns in size can seriously damage anengine if introduced directly into the combustion chamber without achance to disintegrate into smaller particles. The motor oil helps tohold any such particles in suspension until they can be removed by theoil filter. Further still, motor oil serves to transport heat that isgenerated by combustion or by friction away from engine components suchas the crankshaft, camshaft, timing gears, pistons, main and connectingrod bearings.

Motor oil includes a base fluid, known as a “basestock,” and an additivepackage. The basestock generally forms the majority of the motor oil andcan either be petroleum or synthetic. Examples of motor oils havingpetroleum basestocks include Chevron SUPREME motor oil, PennzoilMULTIGRADE motor oil, Kendall GT-1 motor oil, Castrol GTX motor oil,Mobil DRIVE CLEAN motor oil and many others. Examples of motor oilshaving synthetic basestocks include Mobil 1 SUPERSYN motor oil, CastrolSYNTEC motor oil, Valvoline SYNPOWER motor oil, Pennzoil SYNTHETIC motoroil, Kendall GT-1 SYNTHETIC motor oil and many others.

Petroleum basestocks are a purified form of crude oil and have been usedsince the earliest motor oils were developed. Petroleum basestocksinclude paraffins (wax), sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, water, salts and anumber of metals. These contaminants are substantially (though notfully) removed from the basestock via a refining process via a procedureincluding many or all of the following steps. First, the crude oil isdistilled to remove salt contaminants. The crude oil is then subject topartial vaporization; the components of the crude oil with the highestboiling points, except for asphaltic materials, are separated to formthe petroleum basestock. The basestock is then subject to vacuumdistillation to separate it according to molecular weights and,accordingly, by viscosity. Solvents are extracted from the basestock.Waxes are also removed from the basestock to improve the basestock'slow-temperature fluidity, which is compromised by wax crystallization atlow temperatures. Hydrofinishing can also be performed, whereby thebasestock is passed through a catalyst bed (or via clay treatment) toremove components such as sulfur and nitrogen from the basestock,thereby improving its oxidation stability, thermal stability and itscolor. Finally, hydrotreating can also be performed, wherein thebasestock is subject to extremely high temperature and pressure in thepresence of a catalyst to convert remaining aromatic hydrocarboncontaminants into usable nonaromatic hydrocarbon molecules.

Synthetic basestocks are chemically engineered specifically to meet thelubrication needs of an engine. Synthetic basestocks are engineered frompure, substantially contaminant-free compounds. Synthetic basestockshave been widely used in automobiles since the 1970's. Syntheticbasestocks typically are formed of one or more of the following:polyalphaolefins, diesters, and polyolesters. Polyalphaolefin basestocksare the most common and are also referred to as “synthesizedhydrocarbons.” Polyalphaolefin basestocks include no wax, metals, sulfuror phosphorous and have a viscosity index around 150 and a pour pointbelow about 40° F. (4° C.).

In addition to the basestock, motor oils typically include an additivepackage to improve a variety of desirable properties in the motor oil.The additives, however, usually only form a small percentage of the oil,with the basestock forming the vast majority. Additives that improve theviscosity characteristics of the motor oil include pour pointdepressants, which improve the flow of the basestock at low temperaturesby absorbing into wax crystals and lowering their volume. Pour pointdepressants are routinely used in petroleum basestocks but are often notneeded in synthetic basestocks. Other additives relating to viscosityare viscosity index improvers, which are polymers that expand withincreasing temperature; at high temperatures, the expanding polymers cancompensate for high-temperature “thinning” of the basestock to help toprovide a more-consistent viscosity in the motor oil across a broadtemperature range.

Other classes of additives help to maintain lubricant stability in termsof helping to prevent breakdown and viscosity loss in the oil over time.First, detergents and dispersants help to minimize and contain build upin the form of sludge and varnish in an oil. Detergents and dispersantsare attracted to the sludge and varnish contaminants and serve tocontain and suspend those particles so that they do not agglomerate toform a deposit. Anti-foaming agents are also included in the oil tocontrol formation of air bubbles in the oil, which can otherwise form atroom temperature, as a consequence of the detergents and dispersants.Additionally, oxidation inhibitors are included to reduce the tendencyof oils to oxidize; the oxidation inhibitors either destroy freeradicals or react with peroxides in the oil. Further still, corrosioninhibitors are included; the corrosion inhibitors either neutralizeacids that form in the oil or coat metal surfaces so that the surfacesdo not contact the acids. Finally, anti-wear agents, such as zinc andphosphorus, can be included in the motor oil to coat metal surfaces witha protective barrier against physical wear.

One embodiment of a polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxaneadditive for a lubricating oil is produced by mixing the selectedpolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane with thelubricating oil at a ratio of one part polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane to five parts lubricating oil (based on the volume)to form a pre-mixed siloxane-and-oil additive, wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is uniformly distributed in theoil in the form of a dispersion or suspension. For example, 55 gallonsof standard 10W-30 motor oil may be mixed with 11 gallons with theaforementioned commercial product BYK-333 of the suspended or dispersedpolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane to form thesiloxane-and-oil additive. In various embodiments of the mixture, theconcentration of polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane isabout 8 to about 33 percent-by-volume, and the concentration of thelubricating oil is about 67 to about 92 percent-by-volume, i.e. theratio is from about 1:2 to about 1:12.

The siloxane and the oil can be mixed using a sonic mixer, such as aBranson 900-B mixer sold by Branson Ultrasonic Corp. (Danbury, Conn.,USA). Where a sonic mixer is used, the mixing can be accomplished usinga pump to circulate the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane and lubricating oil through the sonic mixer forapproximately three to four hours or until the temperature of themixture reaches approximately 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93° C.) due to themixing. Although the temperature of the mixture rises due to the sonicmixing process, the mixture can also be heated using an external heateror other heating means.

The mixing process reduces the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane to a generally spherical-shaped droplet or particleform, wherein the diameter of the particles can be less thanapproximately two micrometers (microns) and in particular mixtures isless than one micron. As used herein, the term, “diameter,” is generallyintended to include the corresponding widest dimension of particles ordroplets that are not spherical, such as a generally cube-shapedparticle or droplet. It is believed that the benefits produced by thesiloxane-and-oil additive when added to the lubricating oil will berealized for additive mixtures in which the particle size of thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is reduced to assmall as 0.002 microns, preferably 0.001 microns in diameter. Beforeadding the siloxane-and-oil additive or mixture to a selected quantityof the lubricating oil, the siloxane-and-oil additive is filteredthrough a filter having a pore size of approximately 2 microns to filterout any siloxane particles, droplets or agglomerates having a diameterof more than two microns. Further, filters having a pore size ofapproximately 1 micron or less can also be used.

The formulation process is shown schematically in the FIGURE. Selectedquantities of the selected polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane and oil (e.g., 55 gallons oil and 11 gallonssiloxane) are added to a container or reservoir 5. Pump 7 then pumps thesiloxane and oil through sonic mixer 9 and, optionally, through heater11 to three-way valve 13. Valve 13 can be set or positioned in a firstor recirculating orientation to continuously direct the flow of siloxaneand oil back to reservoir 5, where the flow is re-circulated through thesonic mixer 9 and optionally through heater 11. Once the desired degreeof mixing is obtained, the valve 13 can be set or advanced to a secondor filling orientation in which the siloxane and oil flows into thefiltering station 15 and is allowed to drain by gravity through a filter15 to a bottling station 17 where the mixture of siloxane and oil isbottled in selected quantities, such as 12 ounces.

The premixed siloxane-and-oil additive is then added to a sufficientquantity of lubricating oil to form a selected quantity of lubricant,such as the recommended amount of oil to be held in the lubricatingsystem of an automobile engine, such that the resulting percentage ofpolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in the resultinglubricant is approximately between 0.5 and 2.5 percent and, in aparticular example, is approximately 1.25 percent of the total volume.For example, twelve ounces of the siloxane-and-oil additive, formed at aratio of one part siloxane to five parts oil, as explained above, can beadded to enough oil to result in five quarts of a lubricant mixture. Theresulting mixture includes approximately two ounces of polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane in 160 ounces of lubricant, suchthat the volume of siloxane is 1.25 percent of the total volume. In anautomobile engine, where the polydialkylsiloxane has been added to thelubrication system, the polydialkylsiloxane will generally be well mixedin the oil after the automobile is driven about 10 miles (16 km).

Without being bound to any particular theory it is believed that thesuperior effect of the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is due to several different properties of thesiloxanes.

First, it is believed that the polydialkylsiloxanes will decompose whencoming into contact with the hot surfaces of the motor, e.g. thecylinder walls, piston rings and piston walls. As a consequence of thisdecomposition, a SiO/SiO₂-film is built on said surfaces which coats andprotects the respective parts of the motor.

Furthermore, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxaneserves to de-gas the motor oil and to displace moisture from the motoroil. The polydialkylsiloxane also prevents re-introduction of dissolvedgases and water into the motor oil. Without the polydialkylsiloxane,motor oil typically comprises 10 to 15% infiltrated air, which isdissolved in the oil. As the typical motor oil approaches hot engineparts, the temperature of the motor oil rises, which causes thedissolved gas to vaporize, thereby forming air bubbles in the motor oil.Those air bubbles then grow larger and larger as the oil approaches thehot engine parts and temperature increases. The air bubbles displace oiland produce turbulance in the flow of the oil around the engine parts,thereby compromising the ability of the motor oil to coat the engineparts and producing potentially destructive harmonic vibrations in theengine due to implosion of the gas bubbles.

In this scenario, the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane serves a function far beyond traditional uses of“anti-foamants” in motor oil, wherein an anti-foamant is used to removelarge gas bubbles, formed, e.g., by detergents. Rather, the polyether-or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane removes substantially all ofthe dissolved gas (e.g., at least 99.9% removal) and water from the oil.By substantially eliminating this source of gas bubbles when the motoroil approaches its maximum operating temperature, the motor oil flowsmore fluidly and smoothly around hot parts and better coats those parts.The flashpoint and oxidation temperature of the motor oil can also beraised substantially by the addition of the polydialkylsiloxane. Forexample, the flashpoint of a PENNZOIL 10/30 motor oil was raised from228° F. (109° C.) to greater then 500° F. (>260° C.) by adding thepolydialkylsiloxane.

Further, in an engine, the improved flow of the oil and the substantialremoval of gas bubbles from around the hot parts enables the oil to forma film around piston cylinders, thereby sealing the pistons properly andcooling the pistons to thereby help to prevent pre-ignition due tocontact of the fuel with overheated pistons.

Further still, the polydialkylsiloxane displaces moisture from the motoroil. The presence of moisture (i.e., water) in the motor oil can causelubricated cast-iron parts to rust. Rust generates acid, which candestroy the oil and bearings lubricated therewith. Accordingly,inclusion of the polydialkylsiloxane helps to promote longer oil life[e.g., an oil life of 12,500 miles (20,000 km) or more] and also tolengthen the life of engine parts by displacing water (and gases) fromthe oil. One reason for the improved filming properties and lengthenedlife of the oil is the displacement of air and water bypolydialkylsiloxane from the oil, but also other phenomena maycontribute.

Additional additives can be added to the siloxane-and-oil mixture toenhance properties of the mixture. Potential additional additivesinclude rust inhibitors and anti-oxidants. Selected strippers orsolvents such as mineral spirits or lacquer thinner can also be added tostrip off any glazing on engine parts formed during previous operationof the engine before introduction of the siloxane-and-oil additive. Thestripper or solvent would function to deglaze the affected engine partsand to then volatilize at elevated engine-operating temperatures. It isbelieved that the material deglazed from the engine parts by thestripper is then filtered out of the lubricant as it passes through theoil filter. Other additives that can be included in the siloxane-and-oilmixture include viscosity index improvers or dimethylsulfoxide at aconcentration of approximately one tenth of one percent (0.1%) for useas a blending agent, sodium hydroxide (0.0001%) as a blending andbinding agent, and glycerol to help maintain the siloxane in suspension.

The polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane of reducedparticle size can be added directly to a quantity of lubricant, such asthe motor oil in an oil pan of an automobile, without premixing thesiloxane with a portion of the lubricating oil to be used, while stillachieving the enhanced lubricating properties. Additional engineoperational time is needed, however, for the siloxane to becomegenerally uniformly dispersed throughout the engine oil when thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is added directlyto the automobile engine oil, thereby extending the operational timebefore the maximum benefits of enhanced lubrication occur.

Finally, the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane can beused as an additive to a motor oil, wherein said polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by general formula(1) or (2) as mentioned above.

EXPERIMENTAL EXEMPLIFICATIONS Example 1 Coating Tests

Various tests demonstrated the improved lubricating andemission-reducing properties of the siloxane-and-oil additive. In onetest, the coating capability of lubricant including thepolydialkylsiloxane-and-oil additive at approximately 1.25 percent ofthe total volume was compared to the coating capability of a mixture ofSLICK 50 Advanced Formula Engine Treatment in 10W-30 motor oil and tothe coating capability of MOBIL 1 SYNTHETIC motor oil. Oils that wereused for mixing with the polydialkylsiloxane are Penzoil 10/30, Castroil10/30, Napa Premium 10/30, Union 76 10/30, Castrol Semi Synthetic 10/30and Castroil Full Synthetic 10/30, all by weight. Equal quantities ofeach lubricant were applied to a hot plate heated to 350 degreesFahrenheit (177° C.) and angled downward at a 45-degree angle. The hotplate comprised a TEFLON-coated aluminum plate. Through visualinspection, it was observed that the SLICK 50 engine treatment in 10W-30motor oil and the MOBIL 1 SYNTHETIC motor oil did not adhere to or coatthe surface of the hot plate to any appreciable degree and essentiallyjust ran off the hot plate.

The test was performed as follows: All the oils tested were testedwithout the added polydialkylsiloxane. The test was completed withstandard oil and runoff was noted. All the test oils were then mixedwith the polydialkylsiloxane mix and retested as before. The resultsshowed marked improvement as to coating properties on the hot plate. Anoxidation test was performed in the same manner, where as a spoon shapedreceptacle was used to hold 2 cc's of oil above a heat source of 800° F.for 2 min. observation of the samples showed that regular oils oxidizedand evaporated within 10 to 30 sec. The same test was performed with thesame base oils with a proportional addition of siloxane. Observationsshowed a significant reduction in oxidation and evaporation of themixture. In 90% of the tests there was no noticeable change of thesample being tested. The remaining 10% of the samples that were testedshowed a change 2 min into the testing and was found to be a result ofwax/paraffin separating from the mixture, although it should be notedthat the remaining oil remained stable and did not oxidize.

In contrast, visual observation of the surface onto which thepolydialkylsiloxane-and-oil additive was poured revealed formation of alasting and even lubricant coating thereon. The test was repeated withsimilar results for hot-plate temperatures ranging from 250 to 500degrees Fahrenheit (121-260° C.). The tests demonstrated that thesiloxane-and-oil additive adheres to and coats hot surfaces to a greaterdegree than does the non-treated SLICK 50 treated motor oil or the MOBIL1 synthetic, Napa premium 10/30, Penzoil 10/30 and 30 wt., Union 7610/30 and 30 wt. oil. Napa premium 10/30 did show slight coating priorto being treated with siloxane, although with the siloxane added itshowed a marked improvement in coating at temp.

Example 2 Comparative Horsepower Tests

The improved lubricating properties of lubricants including thesiloxane-and-oil additive were further demonstrated by comparing thehorsepower generated by an automobile engine operating without thesiloxane-and-oil additive added to the lubricant versus the horsepowergenerated by the same automobile engine with the siloxane-and-oiladditive added to the engine lubricant. In each case, the horsepowergenerated by a 1998 Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE LAREDO automobile having a4.0-liter, six-cylinder engine was measured using a Dynajet Model 248CDynamometer.

In a first test, the horsepower of the Jeep GRAND CHEROKEE automobilewas initially measured without the siloxane-and-oil additive added tothe engine lubricant. The lubricant utilized in the engine lubricatingsystem was 5 quarts of 10W-30 petroleum based motor oil. In the firsttest, the engine of the automobile was accelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM(revolutions per minute), and measurements were taken at increasingincrements of 250 RPM. During the first test, the absolute barometricpressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with a vaporpressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa). The intake air temperature wasmeasured at 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30° C.), and the gear ratio wasrecorded as 49 RPM/MPH. A Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)correction factor of 1.01 was used to convert the measured horsepower toa corrected horsepower.

A second test was performed on the same automobile by adding 12 ouncesof the siloxane-and-oil additive to the engine-lubricating oil. Theratio of siloxane to oil in the additive was 1 ounce siloxane to 11ounces oil. Adding the twelve ounces of additive to the existing 5quarts of oil in the automobile resulted in a concentration of siloxanein the lubricant of approximately 0.58%. The automobile was againaccelerated from 0 to 5200 RPM with measurements again taken atincreasing 250 RPM intervals. During the second test, the absolutebarometric pressure was recorded as 29.92 in. Hg (about 100 kPa) with avapor pressure of 0.61 in. Hg (about 2 kPa). The intake air temperaturewas measured at 88.8 degrees Fahrenheit (31.6° C.), and the gear ratiowas recorded as 48 RPM/MPH. An SAE correction factor of 1.01 was used toconvert the measured horsepower to a corrected horsepower.

The measured and corrected horsepower of the automobile operating withlubricant only versus with the siloxane-and-oil additive added to thelubricant at various engine speeds is provided, below, in Table 1. TABLE1 Measured Corrected Measured Corrected horsepower horsepower w/ohorsepower horsepower Engine w/o siloxane siloxane w/siloxane w/siloxaneRPM additive additive additive additive 3250 109.0 109.7 136.8 138.23500 117.5 118.3 119.8 120.9 3750 124.5 125.3 124.6 125.9 4000 129.7130.6 130.0 131.3 4250 133.9 134.8 138.3 139.6 4500 138.5 139.5 142.7144.2 4750 139.0 139.9 139.9 141.2 5000 133.4 134.3 135.2 136.6 Avg.125.4 126.3 133.4 134.7 Max. 139.0 139.9 142.7 144.2

In comparing the data in Table 1, it can be seen that the correctedhorsepower increased by an average of 8.4 horsepower when thesiloxane-and-oil additive was added to the engine lubricant comparedwith the corresponding tests performed without the additive. Inaddition, the maximum horsepower achieved in the tests using thesiloxane-and-oil additive exceeded the maximum horsepower in the testswithout the additive by 4.3 horsepower. The test measurements ofincreased horsepower resulting from use of the siloxane-and-oil additivesupports the conclusion that use of the siloxane-and-oil additiveprovides better lubrication of the engine parts.

Example 3 ASM Emission Tests

A comparison of the emissions of automobiles with and without thesiloxane-and-oil additive added to the engine lubricant Penzoil 10/30was preformed using the acceleration simulation mode (ASM) emission testfor the State of California. The test results, below, provide themeasured exhaust concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide(CO), and nitrogen oxide (NO_(x)) gases, which are generally consideredharmful. The data in the column entitled, “Concentration withoutadditive,” comprise the results for a first test in which no additivewas added to the engine lubricant (5 quarts of motor oil), and the datain the column entitled, “Concentration with additive,” comprises theresults of a second test in which 12 ounces of the siloxane-and-oiladditive (at a ratio of 2 ounces siloxane per 10 ounces oil) were addedto the engine lubricant to result in an overall concentration ofsiloxane in the lubricant of approximately 1.16% by volume. TABLE 2Vehicle Model: GMC YUKON Year: 1996 Mileage: 133,321 (214,559 km)Concentration Concentration without additive with additive and Reductionand engine speed at engine speed at with Emission type 2110 RPM 2149 RPMadditive use Hydrocarbon  68 ppm  3 ppm 95.6% Carbon Monoxide 0.54%0.04% 92.6% NO_(x) 377 ppm 107 ppm 71.6%

TABLE 3 Vehicle Model: BMW 325i Year: 1995 Mileage: 70,329 (113,184 km)Concentration Concentration without additive with additive and Reductionand engine speed at engine speed at with Emission Type 1960 RPM 1935 RPMadditive use Hydrocarbon  83 ppm  35 ppm 57.8% Carbon Monoxide 0.1%0.05%   50% NO_(x) 217 ppm 131 ppm 39.6%

TABLE 4 Vehicle Model: Jeep Grand Cherokee Laredo Year: 2000 Mileage:27,845 (44,812 km) Concentration Concentration without additive withadditive and Reduction and engine speed at engine speed at with EmissionType 1451 RPM 1440 RPM additive use Hydrocarbon  7 ppm  0 ppm 100%Carbon Monoxide 0.04% 0.0% 100% NO_(x) 131 ppm 68 ppm 48.1%

TABLE 5 Vehicle Model: Dodge CARAVAN Year: 1988 Mileage: 123,767(199,184 km) Concentration Concentration without additive with additiveand Reduction and engine speed at engine speed at with Emission Type1717 RPM 1871 RPM additive use Hydrocarbon 931 ppm  82 ppm 91.2% CarbonMonoxide 1.2% 0.17% 85.8% NO_(x) 319 ppm 370 ppm −16.0%

These test results demonstrate that use of the siloxane-and-oil additivesignificantly reduced the concentration of hydrocarbons and carbonmonoxide in each case, and significantly reduced the NO_(x) emissions inall but one of the applications. These results support the conclusionthat use of the siloxane-and-oil additive improves engine efficiency(i.e., provides more-thorough combustion of the fuel in the engine),which thereby reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide andNO_(x) gases.

Example 4 Siloxane Alone in Automobile Engine Lubrication System

In one test, the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane of reducedparticle or droplet size at a viscosity of approx 10/30 wt. was the solelubricant utilized in an automobile engine lubricating system. Thepolyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was processed in the same manneras the siloxane-and-oil mixture described above with reference to theFIGURE, except that no oil was added. More specifically,polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane, without oil, was circulated bypump 7 through sonic mixer 9 until the particle or droplet size wasreduced to approximately one micron in diameter and then passed throughthe filter 15 to remove any particles having a diameter exceeding thepore size of approximately two microns. Approximately five quarts of theprocessed polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was then added to theengine lubricating system of an automobile to replace the recommendedfive quarts of motor oil, which was previously drained from thelubricating system. The automobile using the siloxane only lubricant wasthen run for approximately two thousand miles without any adverseaffects identified. This test showed improved fuel use as compared toregular oils. Data collected prior to and after adding siloxane 100%showed a 3 mile per gallon savings after adding siloxane.

Example 5 Use of Siloxane and Gasoline Mixutre in a Two-Cycle Engine

In another test, the polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane, processedin the manner described in Example 4, above, was added to gasoline toreplace the two-cycle engine oil normally included in an oil-and-gasmixture used with a two-cycle engine. The ratio of gasoline topolyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane was fifty to one, and no adverseengine effects were observed. Passing through of particulate (oil)through the engine was reduced if not completely eliminated. No oilresidue was noted when using siloxane in place of regular 2 cycle oil ascompared to regular 2 cycle oils that were observed to pass through theengine as unburned solids, causing detrimental environmental damage toboth land and water, as well as killing any plant life that the solidscame into contact with. When using polydialkylsiloxane as a 100% productor in aqueous dispersion, suspension or solution in place of oil thiswas not to be considered a problem as any of the base lubricant thatpassed through the engine is not harmful to nature or humans. The testwas performed for approximately 200 hours and temperature readings takenon the engine using the mixture of gasoline and polyether-modifiedpolydimethylsiloxane were lower than simultaneous temperature readingstaken on another two-cycle engine using the recommended gasoline and oilmixture. The temperature readings were taken using a digital, infraredthermometer. The reduced-temperature readings indicate improvedlubricating properties of the siloxane versus two-cycle engine oil.

The polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane can be premixed with aquantity of two-cycle engine oil before adding the resulting lubricantto the gasoline at the recommended fuel-to-lubricant ratio.Alternatively, processed polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane ofreduced particle size can be added to the gasoline separate from thetwo-cycle engine oil to achieve the desired fuel-to-lubricant ratio.

While certain formulations of the present invention have beenillustrated and described herein, the invention is not limited to thespecific formulations described and shown. For example, althoughpolyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane is described primarily withreference to its use in forming an additive for motor oil,polyether-modified polydimethylsiloxane has also been formulated andtested as an additive for power steering fluid, transmission fluid oroil and gear grease. Testing on these various formulations all showedimprovement in the lubricating properties of the formulations. Suchtesting has also been performed on water-based Lubricants as well aspetroleum-based lubricants. In addition, testing was done on a widerange of weights of oil, from 5 to 120 weight oil

The tests included although were not limited to motor oils from 20 wt to140 wt oils as well as 10/20, 10/30, 10/40, 20/50. Also, tests includedbearing grease, power steering fluids, axle lubricants from 50 to 160 wtin range. The tests were preformed on spray lubricants WD-40, and alike.It was noted that in all testing the addition of siloxane improved thelubricating features of the products being tested. When added to WD-40it was noted that the lubrication features of this product was markedwhen tests of a mixture of siloxane and water were preformed and testedhead to head with WD-40 spray lube. Test included lubricity, staining,water resistance, longevity.

It was noted that the use of WD-40 applied to test hinge mounted tometal door plate. WD-40 applied as directions required, coated the hingewith an oily coating that reduced sqeaking. Further, the use of thisproduct caused permanent staining on the metal plate. When flushed withwater (with water hose) the product repelled the water and stainingremained. The test repeated with a 25% siloxane mixed with 75% water byvol. revealed that the siloxane mixture also coated the hinge and metalalthough the water evaporated and no noticeable staining occurred. Afterthe mixture was dry and water was applied the lubrication of the mixturecontinued.

During all testing there was a marked improvement with each and everytest and base lubricant used, so the addition of siloxane when mixed andused without the addition of a base lubricant worked equally across thetests performed.

1. A method for lubricating a vehicle comprising: adding polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles to a fluid-conduitsystem in an engine-operated vehicle, wherein the polydialkylsiloxaneparticles form a mixture with oil in the fluid-conduit system; andoperating the engine of the vehicle, wherein the mixture ofpolydialkylsiloxane particles and oil coats automobile parts accessed bythe fluid-conduit system.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented bythe general formula (1)

wherein Z is independently selected from O,

R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl) R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₃ is—(C(R₆)(R₇))—; R₄ is —(C(R₅)(R₉))_(v)—; R₅ is selected from hydrogen,—O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; mis an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integerfrom 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to
 500. 3. The method of claim2, wherein said C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl and isomers thereof.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein R₁,R_(1′), R₂ and R₂ are methyl.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than 2microns.
 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the polydialkylsiloxaneparticles have an average diameter of less than 1 micron.
 7. The methodof claim 5, wherein the size of the polydialkylsiloxane particles isreduced and the particles are filtered such that substantially all ofthe polydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than2 microns.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane isat least about 0.5 percent by volume of the polydialkylsiloxane-and-oilmixture in the fluid-conduit system.
 9. The method of claim 1, whereinthe polydialkylsiloxane is at least about 1 percent by volume of thepolydialkylsiloxane-and-oil mixture in the fluid-conduit system.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the fluid-conduit system is an enginelubrication system.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the oil is amotor oil.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the motor oil is apetroleum-based motor oil.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the motoroil is a synthetic motor oil.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein thefluid-conduit system is a power-steering lubrication system.
 15. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the fluid-conduit system is a fuel system.16. The method of claim 15, wherein the the fuel system belongs to a2-stroke engine and the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is either premixed with the fuel or injecteddirectly into the combustion chamber of the engine.
 17. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is added to the fluid-conduit system as a mixture ofthe polyether- or polyester modified polydialkylsiloxane and oil. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is dispersed substantially uniformly in the oil whenadded to the fluid-conduit system.
 19. A method for forming a mixturecomprising mixing together a polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane and a liquid lubricant to produce a mixture whereinthe polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane forms at least0.5% of the mixture.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the polyether-or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by the generalformula (1)

wherein Z is independently selected from O,

R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl) R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₃ is—(C(R₆)(R₇))—; R₄ is —C(R₈)(R₉))_(n)—; R₅ is selected from hydrogen,—O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; mis an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integerfrom 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to
 500. 21. The method ofclaim 20, wherein said C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl,butyl, pentyl and isomers thereof.
 22. The method of claim 20, whereinR₁, R_(1′), R₂ and R₂ are methyl.
 23. The method of claim 19, whereinthe polydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than2 microns.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the polydialkylsiloxaneparticles have an average diameter of less than 1 micron.
 25. The methodof claim 23, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane is in the form ofparticles, the method further comprising reducing the particle size ofthe polydialkylsiloxane particles and filtering the particles so thatsubstantially all of the polydialkylsiloxane particles in the mixturehave an average diameter of less than 2 microns after mixing.
 26. Themethod of claim 19, wherein the lubricant is motor oil.
 27. The methodof claim 26, wherein the motor oil is a petroleum-based motor oil. 28.The method of claim 26, wherein the motor oil is a synthetic motor oil.29. The method of claim 26, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is about 8 to about 33 percent by volume of themixture.
 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is about 15 to about 20 percentby volume of the mixture.
 31. The method of claim 26, wherein thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane and the motor oilare mixed by sonic mixing.
 32. The method of claim 26, wherein thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane and the motor oilis heated to at least about 200° F. (about 93° C.) during mixing. 33.The method of claim 26, further comprising adding theoil-and-polydialkylsiloxane mixture to additional motor oil to form asecondary mixture.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is less than about 2.5 percent byvolume of the secondary mixture.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane comprises about 1to about 1.5 percent by volume of the secondary mixture.
 36. The methodof claim 19, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane particles are dispersedsubstantially uniformly in the mixture.
 37. A motor oil mixturecomprising: a petroleum-derived or synthetic motor oil; and polyether-or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane dispersed in the motor oil.38. The motor oil mixture of claim 37 wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented by the generalformula (1)

wherein Z is independently selected from O,

R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl) R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₃ is—(C(R₆)(R₇))—; R₄ is —(C(R₈)(R₉))_(v)—; R₅ is selected from hydrogen,—O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; mis an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integerfrom 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to
 500. 39. The motor oilmixture of claim 38, wherein said C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl and isomers thereof.
 40. The motor oil mixture ofclaim 38, wherein R₁, R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are methyl.
 41. The motoroil mixture of claim 37, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane particles havean average diameter of less than 2 microns.
 42. The motor oil mixture ofclaim 41, wherein the polydialkylsiloxane particles have an averagediameter of less than 1 micron.
 43. The motor oil mixture of claim 37,wherein the motor oil is a synthetic motor oil that mostly comprises abasestock selected from the group consisting of polyalphaolefins,diesters, and polyolesters.
 44. The motor oil mixture of claim 37,wherein the motor oil mostly comprises a purified form of crude oil. 45.The motor oil mixture of claim 37, wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles are dispersedsubstantially uniformly in the motor oil.
 46. The motor oil mixture ofclaim 37, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane particles form at least about 0.5 percent by volumeof the motor oil dispersion.
 47. The motor oil mixture of claim 37,wherein the polyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxaneparticles form at least about 1 percent by volume of the motor oildispersion.
 48. The motor oil mixture of claim 37, wherein thepolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles formabout 8 to about 33 percent by volume of the motor oil dispersion. 49.The motor oil mixture of claim 37, wherein the polyether- orpolyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane particles form about 15 to about20 percent by volume of the motor oil dispersion.
 50. A motorcomprising: a mechanism for converting energy from an energy source intomechanical displacement of motor parts; a lubrication system including aconduit that passes through the motor and offers access to thedisplaceable motor parts; and polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane particles in the conduit of the lubrication system.51. The motor of claim 50 wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane is represented by the general formula (1)

wherein Z is independently selected from O,

R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl) R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₃ is—(C(R₆)(R₇))—; R₄ is —(C(R₈)(R₉))_(v)—; R₅ is selected from hydrogen,—O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; mis an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integerfrom 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to
 500. 52. The motor of claim51, wherein said C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl and isomers thereof.
 53. The motor of claim 51, wherein R₁,R_(1′), R₂ and R_(2′) are methyl.
 54. The motor of claim 50, wherein thepolydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than 2microns.
 55. The motor of claim 54, wherein the polydialkylsiloxaneparticles have an average diameter of less than 1 micron.
 56. The motorof claim 50, wherein the motor is an internal combustion engine.
 57. Themotor of claim 50, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane particles are dispersed in motor oil.
 58. The motorof claim 57, wherein the polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane particles form at least about 0.5 percent by volumeof the motor oil dispersion.
 59. The motor of claim 50, wherein themotor is a 4-stroke engine.
 60. The motor of claim 51, wherein the motoris a 4-stroke engine.
 61. The motor of claim 50, wherein the motor is a2-stroke engine.
 62. The motor of claim 51, wherein the motor is a2-stroke engine.
 63. Use of a polyether- or polyester-modifiedpolydialkylsiloxane as an additive to a motor oil, wherein saidpolyether- or polyester-modified polydialkylsiloxane is represented bythe general formula 1

wherein Z is independently selected from O,

R₁ and R_(1′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl and -Z-(C₁-C₆alkyl) R₂ and R_(2′) are independently selected from C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₃ is—(C(R₆)(R₇))—; R₄ is —(C(R₈)(R₉))_(v)—; R₅ is selected from hydrogen,—O—(C₁-C₆-alkyl) and C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆, R₇, R₈ and R₉ are independentlyselected from hydrogen and C₁-C₆ alkyl; n is an integer from 1 to 10; mis an integer from 0 to 5; v is an integer from 1 to 4; x is an integerfrom 1 to 150; and y is an integer from 1 to
 500. 64. The use of claim63, wherein said C₁-C₆ alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,pentyl and isomers thereof.
 65. The use of claim 63, wherein R₁, R_(1′),R₂ and R_(2′) are methyl.
 66. The use of claim 63, wherein thepolydialkylsiloxane particles have an average diameter of less than 2microns.
 67. The use of claim 63, wherein the polydialkylsiloxaneparticles have an average diameter of less than 1 micron.